What is Executive Function, and What Conditions Can Affect It?

Even though the term “Executive Function” might sound like a very technical term, it is just describing the skills our brains use every day to help us do tasks like plan our day, complete school assignments, focus at work, and clean the house. These mental skills develop throughout our childhood and mature as we go into adulthood. Cognitive differences and neurodivergence can cause difficulties with executive functioning and make it harder for a person to get started on a task or stay focused. Sometimes these difficulties look like a lack of motivation, laziness, or forgetfulness, when there are really underlying issues. 

What is Executive Function? 

Executive function acts as the brain’s management system. It helps a person determine what needs to be done, figure out how to do it, and stay on track until the task is finished.

• Planning 
• Organization 
• Working Memory 
• Impulse Control 
• Cognitive Flexibility
• Emotional Regulation
• Task Initiation 
• Time Management

What Can Executive Function Difficulties Look Like in Children? 

Just because your child does one or more of the items below does not automatically mean there is an executive function disorder. If the issues are recurring or persistent, your child may benefit from further evaluation. These are just a few examples. Executive function disorders vary from person to person. 

• Frequently losing/forgetting school supplies or homework  
• Losing personal or important belongings
• Needs multiple reminders to complete everyday tasks
• Has difficulty starting assignments and/or takes longer to complete assignments than expected 
• Finds it difficult to follow multi-step directions
• Can become overwhelmed by big projects
• Struggles to manage frustration and/or emotions 
• Interrupts or acts without thinking 
• Keeps a messy room or backpack 

What Can Executive Function Difficulties Look Like in Adults?

Executive function disorders can extend into our adult years and affect work, relationships, and our day-to-day life. Persistent difficulties across multiple areas of life may be a reason to consider a professional evaluation. These are just a few examples. Executive function disorders vary from person to person.

• Frequently losing keys, phone, paperwork, or other important items 
• Missing deadlines 
• Trouble with estimating how long tasks will take
• Trouble prioritizing responsibilities
• Struggle to manage finances and bills 
• Procrastinating on assignments at work or leaving assignments unfinished
• Struggle to get started on assignments or housework 
• Walking into rooms but forgetting why 
• Trouble following through with plans made with friends and family
• Become easily frustrated when plans change

What Conditions Can Affect Executive Function? 

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

Many people with ADHD have difficulties with executive functioning. ADHD often makes it hard to focus, stay organized, and start tasks. A child may understand what they need to do but struggle to consistently put those skills into practice.

Autism 

Changes in routines or unexpected situations may be particularly difficult for autistic individuals. They may experience challenges with cognitive flexibility, planning, and transitioning between tasks. 

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities can sometimes cause difficulties with executive function, as they can put a strain on working memory, organization, and planning. 

Anxiety 

Anxiety can often interfere with working memory and task completion. It can take up mental space, making it harder to concentrate and use executive function skills. 

Depression 

The symptoms of depression can often resemble executive functioning difficulties, making it harder to concentrate and affecting processing speed. 

Traumatic Brain Injury 

Brain injuries can affect areas involved in planning, attention, memory, impulse control, and problem-solving. The specific effects depend on the injury and the areas of the brain affected.

Other Neurological or Developmental Conditions 

There are other conditions and brain differences that can affect executive function. A comprehensive evaluation can help get to the root of the issue. 

At Geo Psychological Testing, we’re here to help with neurological testing for children and adults in The Woodlands and the Houston area. To schedule, give us a call or contact us through our website here.